Childhood Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders - 1168 Words

As time went on from the beginning of this semester to the end, I felt like I have expanded my knowledge on disorders, diseases, symptoms and formations of these disorders/diseases. After searching and deciding the empirical article named ‘Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A Replication Study’ researched by Boris Birmaher in 1999 was continuing to catch my eye. After hesitating my decision on selecting this empirical article, because some of the results were a little confusing, I thought to myself why not test my knowledge and inform my peers on this fascinating topic. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (referred to as SCARED) is a child self-report†¦show more content†¦For the concept, I thought the emotions the participants felt when taking the checklist interview. Did the participants have a bad/good day, making the questions seem easier/harder to answer? How the participant vie ws themself and how others may view them, could trigger a different reaction when answering questions about one. Constantly being told you were friendly and outgoing, you would form into that impression than how you actually view yourself. In this empirical article the variables would be how the participant was feeling when taking the questionnaire, such as: anxiety, shyness or guilty. The participant feelings would be an independent variable due to the possibility of changing the test-taking skills of the participant. Feeling of guilt if answering untruthfully. The dependent variable would be: race, socioeconomic status and the support from the parents. According to excessive reassurance seeking, if a child/adolescent comes from a lower socioeconomic status they find it difficult to believe everything is â€Å"alright† with them. Having minimum parental acknowledgement makes wanted goals difficult and little reassurance that they could complete those desired goals. Birmaher previous findings were very similar to the findings in this article; the only difference was adding three questions to the checklist to separate the diagnosis of social phobia. The first research study had thirty-eight

How to Play Soccer Free Essays

Period 4 03/03/10 Playing Soccer Soccer, or Football as many people may call it, is one of the most popular sports around the world today. Most people that play this wonderful and thrilling sport have many techniques in doing so. Every person has a unique style of playing. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Play Soccer or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are also different tactics and dribbling methods involved when playing soccer. Here are some ways of playing soccer and becoming better at it while practicing hard and developing new soccer skills. Warming up before starting a soccer match is the key because by doing so, you avoid getting your muscles hurt. This step should always be included when playing any sport not just soccer in order to play better and obtain better results. Doing drills is one way to warm –up. There are a variety of soccer drills available to start warming up before actually playing. One really good drill to warm –up is to place cones in a straight line and separate them about one foot apart. Then have a couple of balls at the first cone and start running around each cone with a ball on your feet. When you are done with one round, leave the ball at the end of the route and start the next round with a new ball. Another great warm –up exercise is to run about two laps in order to get your muscles and joints hot and ready. A series of small exercises are needed to start playing smoothly such as, jumping jacks, sit –ups, running in place, and push-ups. These are all great warm-up exercises before playing a soccer game. The next step in playing soccer is to actually play against your opponent. The objective of a soccer game is to score as many goals as possible on your opponent’s goal. The forwards need to score as many goals as possible and the defense needs to block any chances of a goal coming to their goal. The goalie is very important too because she/he is the one that keeps the other team from scoring, by blocking all the possibilities with their hands, feet, or even their body. The midfielders are the ones who get the ball back to their teammates and run back and forth the whole match. They are also mportant in a game because they distribute the ball throughout the soccer field and make the game flow better. Cool down is the last step of playing soccer. You should walk with your hands over your head. This helps because your lungs become smaller when you run and by doing this exercise you expand your lungs again. While doing this you can also drink water or any electrolyte drink with vitamins. This helps you by getting all of your energy boosted back to your b ody. Eating healthy snacks after a game is also very important because when you exercise your body looses vitamins and nutrients. Fruits, vegetables, and granola bars are a great way to get all of those lost nutrients and revitalize your body system. Relaxing is the last step you should do to reduce stress after playing soccer. Also when you get home you should take a hot shower to reduce fatigue and soothe your muscles. By doing all of these steps you can become a really good soccer player and even the next Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi who are the two best soccer players in the world today! These are all the reasons I have to tell you that soccer is one of the best sports in the world today. How to cite How to Play Soccer, Papers

Understanding financial crisis

Questions: 1. Explain why principles-based standards require a conceptual framework? 2. Why is it important that the IASB and FASB share a common conceptual framework? 3. It is suggested that several parties can benefit from a conceptual framework. Do you consider that a conceptual framework is more important for some parties than others? Explain your reasoning? 4. What is meant by a 'cross-cutting' issue? Suggest some possible examples of crosscutting issues? 5. What you think is the fundamental problem with financial statements based upon the historic cost measurement principle used under US GAAP? 6. What do you think of the principle' ... accounts must reflect economic reality' as a core principle of measurement in accounting? 7. How would you measure economic reality? 8. What is reliability in accounting? 9. The article states that the US standard setter FASB requires companies to record a provision in relation to environmental costs of retiring an asset if its fair value could be reasonably estimated. How do you think companies would go about estimating such a provision?10 What aspects of the requirements were used by US companies to defer recognition of a liability? 11. In what ways does the recognition of the liability in relation to future restoration activity affect net profit in the current year and future years; and cash flow in the current and future years? 12. The article refers to changes in disclosure requirements relating to environmental liabilities in many countries around the world is it that companies recognise the liability? Answers: Introduction: This given case study depicted about the IASB and FASB boards planning for develop a conceptual framework to help the users of all the financial documents. It has been planned by IASB to prepare a new conceptual framework by using the previous adopted principles. This step is planned by the boards to help the companys and its stakeholders to understand the financial condition of a company perfectly. This given study also described that many problems and critics has been faced by the boards for planning a new framework. A common conceptual framework is required for the boards to remove the complexities from the previous framework. This is also depicting about the similarities, difference, relevancy, importance etc. The case study depicts about US GAAP accounting techniques that is historical cost accounting. It says that this technique become quite outdated so US GAAP must replace this technique through launching a new technique or take consideration of any other board. It has also been said that fair value accounting would work well for the identification of real worth of the asset and present a true worth of the business. It has also been described that because of old technique boards as well as company had to face many problems so the country and the accounting standard board are thinking about the replacing of the technique. The case study explains that a countrys environment and society plays a very crucial role in life of an organization as well as an individual. It also found that now days it is quite important for every human being to take care about the environment and society. Every company must prepare such policies that it could also focus on the sustainability of the environment as well the welfare of the society. It depicts that every individual become so concern about the environment so if a company want to survive in the market, it is mandatory for the company to make such policies and follow them. These strategies would also help the company in attracting more investors. 1. Conceptual Framework: A conceptual framework is a technique used by individuals to do a work with full of perfection. Many principles, rules, tactics, regulations etc have been used by the preparer of the framework to make a good framework. In the consideration of accounting, a framework is theoretically prepared document to help the preparer of financial statements in preparing and presenting the good financial documents (Csikszentmihalyi and Larson, 2014). This framework is prepared by the boards after analyzing all the aspects, rules, assumptions, nature, guideline, principles etc to implement a great concept of accounting. Framework is a bundle of fundamentals that help every related party. Conceptual Framework requirement: The given case study describes that a revisiting of the framework has been started since 2002. This revision and the development of this framework lies on many objectives, characteristics, criteria and many more of both the boards i.e. IASB and FASB (Jones and Wolnizer, 2003). The main reason behind revisiting both the boards for prepare a common conceptual framework is making it easy for the follower of both the boards to prepare and understand the final financial documents. This revisiting has been done to introduce a new framework by considering all the great principles of both the boards. The case study also highlights that the main goal of the boards is to provide the easiness and perfectness to their client and it could be possible only if both the parties come together and analyze the principles together with the help of analyst and researchers. It would be easier for all the related parties to understand the documents in case of a common framework (Xia, Monroe and Cox, 2004). Thus it could be said that a common conceptual framework is very important for everyone to understand the position of the company, identify many issues in the company, sort out all the issues of the company and present the documents perfectly. 2. Importance of common conceptual framework: Through the study, it has been analyzed that the country (United States) has taken many steps to adopt the IFRS. And IFRS and FASB have planned to come together to develop and implement some new accounting standards. All the countries follow the different rules and accounting standards to prepare the financial documents. Thus it becomes complex sometimes for analyst to understand the real situation of a company (Ross, Westerfield and Jordan, 2008). Some of the standards and tactics of accounting depend upon many factors like transaction of business, nature of business, area where company is operated etc. thus it could be said that all the standards are different from each other and the result also differs from each other. IASM frameworks main motto is to assist and guide all the standards of accounting while making the financial statements. Next, this case study also depicts that a common framework would help the stakeholders, auditors, creditors, banks etc to analyze the finical condition of the company (Ross, Westerfield and Jordan, 2008). The FASB boards framework allow preparer to make financial statement according to individual interpretation. This is the main reason which differentiates both the boards. Thus, the main motto behind combine both the boards and make a common framework is because of resolving the disputes, help the users, ease in comparison etc. 3. Importance of common conceptual framework for different parties: Conceptual framework is a fundamental body of accounting. It provides a guideline to the financial statements provider to make and present the financial document in a great manner. Further, this framework could also help a company and its related parties to identify and analyze the true worth and condition of the organization (Narrow et al, 2013). The parties for whom the common framework would be beneficial is company, managers, CCFO, accountant, stakeholders, creditors, shareholders etc. The boards and all the above mentioned parties would be beneficiary in case of a common framework is implemented by the boards. But basically, it would be more helpful for the researchers and analyst as they dont have to research and analyze different principles, regulations etc to understand and analyze the condition of a company. 4. Cross Cutting issues: Cross cutting issues are those kinds of issues which occur at the time of combining different principles together. Cross cutting issues could be seen everywhere now days as the rules and regulations are different each other so an individual go through such process approx on daily basis (Hollander, Kim, Braun, Simeon and Zohar, 2009). These issues could also be described as such issues which could be arising as a special result at the time of analyzing a particular field and doing some operations. In accounting, cross cutting issues have special concern of. Some of the examples of cross cutting issues in accounting are related with presentation, tactics, standards, rules, understanding etc such as the issue between the IFRS and FARS related to their principle, the issue between the countries for their different framework etc (Kim, 2011). thus it could be said that it becomes tough for a person to understand all the principles and work accordingly. 5. Historical cost technique fundamental problems: Fundamental problems are those problems which are related with the principles, law and rules regulations. Historical cost accounting is a technique which depicts the purchasing value of an asset, no matter how much difference has been arise in the worth of that particular asset (Ross, Westerfield and Jordan, 2008). This case study explains that many problems have been faced by the US GAAP as analyst and researcher concluded through their studies that this technique is not at all relevant for any of the party. The main fundamental issues are such as it does not show the real worth of an asset, the written value of asset is not relevant, depreciation value is not realistic, it is not useful for the investors and analysts, it shows a higher profit of the company, the price level never get change, provisions value are fake etc (Pearce, Barbier and Markandya, 2013). thus it could be said that the existing technique has many fundamental issues in it. 6. Economic reality as core principle of accounting: The economic value and accounting value of an asset or business could differ and conflict sometimes but this situation could never be helpful for the chief financial officer, finance manger and accountant of a company as well as all the related parties. As CFO has to deal with creditors, lenders, analyst, investor and many more of the company and it is compulsory for him to present a true value of his business to them (Uno and Bartelmus, 2013). It has also been studied that those countries that are following the fair value technique could also mislead their investors but the chances are rare. It also analyzed that both the technique have some issues but if a comparison analysis has been done on both than it is suggested to opt the fair value technique (Laux and Leuz, 2009). As this technique at least help the investors to find the real worth of the business and analysis that the worth is honest or fake and it could also be check that the provisions are of true value. Thus it could be said that economic value could play a role of core principle of accounting. 7. Economic reality measurement: Economic reality is the real value or worth of a business according to the current situation and economic condition. It becomes compulsory for a business to identify the economic reality to present a fair statement of finance (Laux and Leuz, 2009). This method is to identify the business and its transactions nature to determine the real worth of organization under many circumstances. It helps a business in identifying the real worth. Economic reality measurement could be done on the basis of fair value accounting. However, every country opts the different method for identify the economic value according to their nature of business, worth of business, their standards, principles, frameworks etc. the main reason for determine the economic value is to make the statements more reliable. There are many factors which affect the measurement techniques and it is not possible for make a control on all the factors worldwide (Moser and Ekstrom, 2010). But country could manage all the factors lies in it. More, it has also been observed that some factors do not create an issue like provisions and depreciation. So it could be said that measurement techniques are not same at all the places but it is suggested to the board to implement the fair value accounting technique to determine the worth of economic reality (Zio, 2009). 8. Reliability concept in Accounting: Reliability is the main factor in every part of an individual. If an individual find reliability in anything, than only he get attracted towards that. Basically, it is the quantitative information. Reliability only takes place when all the information is error free and bias free. In accounting, the reliability depends upon the honesty accountant show at the time of making the final documents (Mellino et al, 2015). The basic principle of reliability is faithfulness and verifiability. The reliability of accounting depends upon the proofs and their verification like invoices, bills, receipts, statements, documents, documents from third party etc. all the proofs must be cross verified by the investor before taking any decision. Sometimes, it become tough for the investor to check that the documents are reliable or not because of some factors like provisions, depreciation etc (Low, Lacasse and Nadim, 2007). So board must also introduce some new principles to generate the reliability. Thus it could be said that reliability is very important in a business. A person could make himself reliable only if he found that all the evidences are in the favor of the statements. 9. Companys environmental provisions liability: It has been found that every individual as well as organization have few liabilities for the place they are living, the society they are serving and the environment. Mostly the reasons behind pollutions are manufacturing waste. So it is mandatory for the companies to make such strategies through which the pollution could be reduce and society needs not to face that much harm (Bezemer, 2010). An accountant is obligated to record about these expenditure too so that all the parties get to know about it. Board has planned a framework to record such kind of expenditure (Whittington, 2008). Some company thinks that spending money on such policies or society is a waste and it occurs the more cost but if it has been talked in a broad manner than it is compulsory for every business to grab more market and attract more investors. Company is a part of the society so it becomes a duty of the company to serve the society in a well manner (Glasson, Therivel and Chadwick, 2013). So an accountant must prepare a special provision and budget while preparing the financial documents. 10. Liability Recognition requirement: All the organizations worldwide are required to follow the guidelines of their board to make provisions for the welfare of the society and retaining a less polluting environment. Every board has different guidelines, but for sure it all are focusing for retaining good environment. FASB explains that every organization which are having polluting assets need to maintain a different provision for the society to save the environment (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey, 2001). More, it has also been said that a good provision could only be made if company follow the new technique i.e. fair value accounting. If a business do not follow such rules than it becomes tough for the company to remain in the market. However, it has also been analyzed that such provisions helps a company in developing its operations and attract the more finance from the market (Hk, Moldan and Dahl, 2012). It is also said that if a business want to be in the market for a long period than it should spend some of its amount in saving the environment and help the human community or society to grow up. Many companies who are focusing on the sustainability have achieved a high growth in the market. 11. Effect of Liability Recognition: Policies on sustainability, saving environment, society welfare, corporate social reasonability etc leads an organization towards a great investment. As company need to spend lot of money and that money is not at all helpful for the companys products and lead it to a high investment. Further, it has also analyzed that there are many attributes due to that the cost of capital would increase but this investment would be inn favor of the company to attract the investors and stakeholders (Evangelinos, Nikolaou and Leal, 2015). The net profitability condition of the company might decrease because of such expenditure but ultimately it would be beneficiary for the company. Thus the planning and implementation of such policies is important to enhance the total profit of the company. If cash flow is taking concern of than it has been analyzed that such cost and spending amount could decrease the percentile of profit but with the time the total profit amount would be higher because people and investor would start showing trust on that organization. Thus it could be said that it is necessary for a company to maintain some reserve and provisions for such policies to attract and gain the profit of all the investors, stakeholders, customers, society etc (Manfredi et al, 2015). a great maintenance of such policies would lead the organization on more profitability path and this would also help the organization in retaining in the market for long term. 12. Environmental Liability disclosure: Liability is a kind of duty that is has to perform by every individual. Normally, every human being has some responsibilities and liabilities towards its environment. Basically, if an organization is taking concern of than the main factor behind environment loss is manufacturing waste (Arena, Conte and Melacini, 2015). Environment could also destroy by doing some polluting stuff by company. Individuals are showing more concern towards their environment now days. So it is almost compulsory for the management to take a step towards saving the environment. So it is compulsory for every organization and their manager to maintain different budget for the sustainability of environment (Hk, Moldan and Dahl, 2012). This is important to measure the performance and its enhancement on environment. This is important in enhancing the goodwill value too. Now days it becomes a trend in organizations to spend money on sustainability and CSR. A good policy of recognition could help the company in enhancing its worth and goodwill value. Conclusion: It can be said through doing a study on the case and other published books that IFRS and FASB have different principles and their reporting principles are also different from each other. So it creates a problem for the analyst and researchers. It is suggested to the board to make a common framework for the easiness of the parties. It could be said by doing a study on the given case study that US is suggested to the change the accounting technique of cost and introduce the new technique i.e. fair value accounting technique. It has been found that the existed technique is quite old and it is not at all useful now for the investors and it doesnt depict a true value of accounts. So it is compulsory for the country to make changes. Fair value accounting would be more helpful for every party as it depicts the true worth of asset as well as business. Through this study, it could be concluded that society and environment around a company plays an important role in enhancing the worth of business. This factor also helps the company in enhancing the worth. A business needs to pay more attention towards such factors. Referencing: Arena, M., Conte, A., and Melacini, M, 2015. Linking environmental accounting to reward systems: the case of the Environmental Profit and Loss Account. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 625-636. Bezemer, D. J., 2010. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(7), 676-688. Csikszentmihalyi, M., and Larson, R., 2014. Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. In Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology (pp. 35-54). Springer Netherlands. Evangelinos, K., Nikolaou, I., and Leal Filho, W., 2015. The Effects of Climate Change Policy on the Business Community: A Corporate Environmental Accounting Perspective. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(5), 257-270. Glasson, J., Therivel, R., and Chadwick, A., 2013. Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Hk, T., Moldan, B., and Dahl, A. L. (Eds.)., 2012. Sustainability indicators: a scientific assessment (Vol. 67). Island Press. Hk, T., Moldan, B., and Dahl, A. L. (Eds.)., 2012. Sustainability indicators: a scientific assessment (Vol. 67). Island Press. Hollander, E., Kim, S., Braun, A., Simeon, D., and Zohar, J., 2009. Cross-cutting issues and future directions for the OCD spectrum. Psychiatry research, 170(1), 3-6. Jones, S., and Wolnizer, P. W., 2003. Harmonization and the conceptual framework: an international perspective. Abacus, 39(3), 375-387. Kim, Y., 2011. The contribution of social network sites to exposure to political difference: The relationships among SNSs, online political messaging, and exposure to cross-cutting perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 971-977. Laux, C. and Leuz, C., (B), 2009. The crisis of fair-value accounting: Making sense of the recent debate.Accounting, organizations and society,34(6), pp.826-834. Laux, C. and Leuz, C., 2009. The crisis of fair-value accounting: Making sense of the recent debate.Accounting, organizations and society,34(6), pp.826-834. Low, B.K., Lacasse, S. and Nadim, F., 2007. Slope reliability analysis accounting for spatial variation.Georisk,1(4), pp.177-189. Manfredi, S., Allacker, K., Pelletier, N., Schau, E., Chomkhamsri, K., Pant, R., and Pennington, D., 2015. Comparing the European Commission product environmental footprint method with other environmental accounting methods. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20(3), 389-404. Mellino, S., Protano, G., Buonocore, E., De Angelis, G., Liu, G., Xu, L., and Ulgiati, S., 2015. Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management.Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management, 3(1), 77-85. Moser, S. C., and Ekstrom, J. A., 2010. A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(51), 22026-22031. Pearce, D., Barbier, E., and Markandya, A., 2013. Sustainable development: economics and environment in the Third World. Routledge. Ross, S.A., Westerfield, R. and Jordan, B.D., 2008.Fundamentals of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Schroeder, R.G., Clark, M.W. and Cathey, J.M., 2001. Accounting theory and analysis.Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. Uno, K., and Bartelmus, P. (Eds.)., 2013. Environmental accounting in theory and practice (Vol. 11). Springer Science and Business Media. Whittington, G., 2005. The adoption of international accounting standards in the European Union. European accounting review, 14(1), 127-153. Xia, L., Monroe, K. B., and Cox, J. L.,2004, The price is unfair! A conceptual framework of price fairness perceptions. Journal of marketing, 68(4), 1-15. Zio, E., 2009. Reliability engineering: Old problems and new challenges.Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 94(2), 125-14

Cognitive Appraisal and/or Personality Traits free essay sample

Suggested APA style reference: Li, M. (2009, March). Cognitive appraisal and/or personality traits: Enhancing active coping in two types of stressful situations. Paper based on a program presented at the American Counseling Association Annual Conference and Exposition, Charlotte, NC. Cognitive Appraisal and/or Personality Traits: Enhancing Active Coping in Two Types of Stressful Situations Paper based on a program presented at the 2009 American Counseling Association Annual Conference and Exposition, March 22, Charlotte, North Carolina Ming-hui Li Ming-hui Li, EdD, LPC, LMHC, is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Services and Counseling at St. John’s University, Queens, NY. His areas of specialty include stress-coping and resilience development. College students frequently experience stressful situations (Dungan, 2002; Li, 2006). Some college students actively cope with stressful situations while others become victims of the situations. The researcher has been interested in exploring factors that lead college students to actively cope with stressful situations. Enhancing these factors may facilitate college students to employ active coping. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Appraisal and/or Personality Traits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The term active coping in the study refers to people’s coping responses that are characterized by solving problems, seeking social support, and non-avoidance. The purpose of this study was to explore effective predictors of active coping in two major types of stressful situations among college students: relation and work. Results of this study may provide information for counselors to help students adapt better to college life by enhancing specific factors in different stressful situations. Theoretical Framework Researchers have not reached an agreement on the nature of coping. For example, process-oriented researchers (e. g. , Albinson Petrie, 2003; Lazarus Folkman, 1984; Olff, Langeland Gersons, 2005) proposed that cognitive appraisal determines the responses individuals adopt to cope with stressful situations. In contrast, diathesis-oriented researchers (e. g. , Abela Skitch, 2007; Li Yuan, 2003; Wagner, Chaney, Hommel, Andrews, Jarvis, 2007) suggested that a match between personality traits and stress types decides coping responses. The present study explored the extent to which a combination of these two theoretical approaches can determine college students’ employment of active coping. Process-oriented researchers (e. g. , Albinson Petrie, 2003; Lazarus Folkman, 1984; Olff, Langeland Gersons, 2005) proposed that coping is a process (instead of a mere trait) in which personal factors, such as beliefs, and environmental factors, such as novelty, work together to affect coping responses through cognitive appraisal. These researchers argued that personality traits and environment are insufficient to determine coping responses. Cognitive appraisal, they believe, is what determines individuals’ coping responses. From their perspective, coping responses can be decided only after individuals have cognitively considered (a) how their lives are influenced by the situation and (a) what they can do to deal with the situation. In contrast, diathesis-oriented researchers (e. g. , Abela Skitch, 2007; Li Yuan, 2003; Wagner, Chaney, Hommel, Andrews, Jarvis, 2007) advocate that individuals’ personality traits influence coping responses in specific contexts. They argued that personality traits influence coping responses most in stressful situations that are closely related to those traits. For example, individuals’ self-efficacy (a task-related trait) has great influence on their coping responses to task-related stressful situations, such as looking for a part-time job. In contrast, individuals’ secure attachment (a relation-related trait) is powerful in influencing coping responses to relation-related stressful situations, such as getting along with new roommates. Both approaches have been supported by previous studies. However, little attention has been drawn to the possibility of combining the two approaches. The present study addressed this possibility. The study was aimed to explore the extent to which a combination of these two theoretical approaches influences people to actively cope with stressful situations. Cognitive appraisal and three traits (self-efficacy, secure attachment, and resilience) were included in the combined model. According to the process-oriented approach, cognitive appraisal was expected to predict active coping across the two stressful situations. Based on the diathesis-oriented approach, self-efficacy was expected to predict active coping in work-related stressful situations such as looking for a part-time job; and secure attachment was expected to predict active coping in relation-related situations such as getting along with new roommates. In addition, the researcher hypothesized that resilience can predict active coping in both relation-related and work-related stressful situations because this trait reflects individuals’ general ability to moderate the negative effects of stress (Benetti Kambouropoulos, 2006). Cognitive appraisal, self-efficacy, secure attachment, and resilience were applied to predict active coping in two types of stressful situations (relation, work), in order to detect the effectiveness of the combined model. The two hypotheses tested in the study were: Hypothesis 1: In relation-related situations, secure attachment, cognitive appraisal, and resilience can effectively predict active coping. Hypothesis 2: In work-related situations, self-efficacy, cognitive appraisal, and resilience can effectively predict active coping. Methods Participants were 126 students recruited from a college in Taiwan. Their age ranged from 18 to 23 years old. The mean age of this sample was 19. 6. Participants were categorized into two groups—a relation group and a work group, based on their self-reported stressful situations. The numbers of participants in groups of relation and work were 76 and 50, respectively. The researcher administered a questionnaire to participants when they were waiting for a class. Participants signed informed consent forms before they responded to the questionnaire. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing the Resilience Scale (Wagnild Young, 1993), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996), the Coping Strategy Indicator (Amirkhan, 1990), the Chinese Adaptation of General Self-Efficacy Scale (Zhang Schwarzer, 1995), and category I (cognitive appraisal) of the Student-Life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1991). All of the instruments have been used to study college students and have demonstrated adequate validity (construct or concurrent validity) and reliability (Cronbach’s coefficient alpha range from . 6 to . 93). All of the instruments except the Chinese adaptation of General Self-Efficacy Scale were translated by the researcher from English into Chinese. Two bilingual Psychology professors and four bilingual doctoral students examined the translated instruments. A bilingual undergraduate student, who was blind to the original English instruments, back-translated the Chinese versions into English. The original instrum ents and the back-translated instruments were very close in meaning, indicating correct language transference. Internal consistency estimates of reliability (Cronbach’s coefficient alpha) were computed for each of the instruments used in this study. The values for coefficient alpha were . 89, . 90, . 75, . 87, and . 81 for the Student-Life Stress Inventory (SSI), the Resilience Scale (RS), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (AAS-Revised), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS), and the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI), respectively. The alpha values for the three sub-scales of the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI) were . 86 (problem-solving), . 88 (seeking social-support), and . 68 (avoidance). In addition, the alpha value for the category I (cognitive appraisal) of the Student-Life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1991) was . 84. The research design of this study was a correlational design with four independent (predictor) variables and one dependent variable. The four independent variables were cognitive appraisal, resilience, secure attachment, and self-efficacy. The dependent variable was active coping. This research design consisted of two separate multiple regression procedures that were used to test the proposed model in two types of stressful situations. Data Analysis and Results The data were analyzed by using SPSS 14. 0. Two procedures of multiple regression were applied to test the two hypotheses. The step-wise method was used because the available literature does not provide direction as to how the variables in this study should be entered into a multiple regression equation. By using the step-wise method, the researcher allowed the computer to select the model with the best statistical â€Å"fit. † Correlations among predictor variables and between predictor variables and the dependent variable were examined in order to meet the requirements of multiple regression. The outlier was removed so it did not impact the accuracy of data analysis. The criterion used to screen outliers were (a) a Cook’s distance greater than 1, and (b) a standardized residual greater than 3. Hypothesis 1 was supported while Hypothesis 2 was not supported. Results showed that (a) cognitive appraisal and resilience can predict active coping in stressful situations associated with relation, and (b) secure attachment can predict active coping in work-related stressful situations. Tables I and II showed the results. Table I. Summary of Regression Analyses of Resilience, Secure Attachment, and Self-Efficacy Predicting Active Coping in Relation-Related Stressful Situations ____________________________________________________________ _____ Variable B ? R[pic]Change p ____________________________________________________________ ______ Resilience . 13 . 29 . 09 . 00 Cognition 2. 56 4. . 18 . 001 ____________________________________________________________ ______ Table II. Summary of Regression Analyses of Resilience, Secure Attachment, and Self-Efficacy Predicting Active Coping in Work-Related Stressful Situations ____________________________________________________________ _____ Variable B ? R[pic]Change p ____________________________________________________________ ______ Secure Attachment . 50 . 1 . 17 . 003 ____________________________________________________________ ______ Discussion The study was aimed to test the effectiveness of the model combining two approaches to coping. Results indicated that th is model is effective in stressful situations associated with relation. In stressful situations associated with relation, individuals who less engage in cognitive appraisal (i. e. , lower levels of cognitive appraisal) and are able to moderate the negative effects of stress (i. . , higher levels of trait resilience) tend to actively cope with the situations. This finding is consistent with Kulenovic and Busko’s (2006) finding that cognitive appraisal and personality trait simultaneously influence individuals’ coping responses to stressful situations. It seems that when people are in the initial stage of coping with a relation-related stressful situation, the less they evaluate the situation and the stronger their trait resilience becomes, the more likely they can cope with the situation actively. A possible explanation of the finding that cognitive appraisal and trait resilience simultaneously influence individual’s coping response to relational stressful situations is that cognitive appraisal leads people to respond to situational factors such as how the romantic relationship ended and who wanted to end the relationship (Bouchard, Guillemette, Landry-Leger, 2004) while trait resilience directs people to respond to any situation that causes stress such as breaking-up with a boy/girl friend and losing a job (Li, 2008). In work-related situations, those who hold positive attitude toward social interactions (i. e. , high levels of secure attachment) tend to actively cope with work-related situations. It seems that when individuals are in the initial stage of coping with a work-related stressful situation, the more they believe they can get along well with people in the workplace, the more they become willing to take action to deal with the situation. Conclusion While res earchers have proposed different theoretical approaches to explain coping, no adequate efforts have been made to test the possibility of combining different approaches. This study addresses this issue by combining two existing approaches into one model and tests the effectiveness of the model. Results of the study not only expand our knowledge about coping but also provide useful information for counselors to help clients deal with stressful situations. When clients are in the initial stages of coping with relation-related stressful situations, counselors can help the clients by engaging them in reflection of their previous positive coping experiences rather than urging them to cognitively appraise the situations. When clients are in the initial stage of coping with work-related stressful situations, counselors can help the clients by enhancing their person skills. References Abela, J. R. Z. ; Skitch, S. A. (2007). Dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and hassles: Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children of affectively ill parents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1127-1140. Albinson, C. B. , Petrie, T. A. (2003). Cognitive appraisals, stress, and coping: preinjury and postinjury factors influencing psychological adjustment to sport injury. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 12, 306-322. Amirkhan, J. H. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The coping Strategy indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1066-1074. Benetti, C. , ; Kambouropoulos, N. (2006). Affect-regulated indirect effects of trait anxiety and trait resilience on self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 341-352. Bouchard, G. , Guillemette, A. , Landry-Leger, N. (2004). Situational and dispositional coping: An examination of theire relation to personality, cognitive appraisals, and psychological distress. European Journal of Personality, 18, 221-238. Collins, N. L. (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 810-832. Dungan, D. E. (2002). Five days of stress and coping in the lives of college students. (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, 2002). Dissertation Abstract International, 62 (10-B), 4827. Gadzella, B. M. (1991). Student-life Stress Inventory. Library of Congress, Copyright. Kulenovic, A. Busko, V. (2006); Structural equation analyses of personality, appraisals, and coping relationships. Review of Psychology, 13, 103-112. Lazarus, R. S. , Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Li, M. H. (2006). Stress, traits of resilience, secure attachment, and self-efficacy as predictors of active coping among Taiwanese students (China). (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, 2006). Dissertation Abstracts International, 67(4-A),1233. Li, M. H. (2008). Relationships among stress coping, secure attachment, and the trait of resilience among Taiwanese college students. College Student Journal, 42, 312- 325. Li, X. , Yuan (2003). The relationship between junior middle school students’ diathesis, and life stress with mental health. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 11, 287-288. Olff, M. , Langeland, W. , Gersons, B. P. R. (2005). Effects of appraisal and coping on the neuroendocrine response to extreme stress. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 457-467. Wagner, J. Chaney, J. , Hommel, K. , Andrews, N. , Jarvis, J. (2007). A cognitive diathesis-stress model of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with juvenile rheumatic disease. Childrens Health Care, 36, 45-62. Wagnild, G. M. , Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of The resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165-178. Zhang, J. X. , Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of th e General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia, 38 (3), 174-181.

The ethical dilemma of the Indian barial contoversy essays

The ethical dilemma of the Indian barial contoversy essays Grave desecration has been experiences in the United States for nearly two hundred tears without respect to Native Indians first amendment rights to freedom of religion. Indian spirituality is not free from ecology, they are part of the same system of the beliefs for Indians, and their spiritual beliefs are a significant part of their culture. Their beliefs operate in the present applying through space, to all people. Their views are global and everyone is perceived to live within these beliefs. Part of the spiritual/ecological process is confirmed within the role of their ancestors and traditions are held within these beliefs. American archeologists fell obligated to tell the story of pre-historic American peoples. Using scientific methods they trace through time within the study of ancient burials. They can accumulate data as to disease patterns, diet, environment, cultural, demographics and population changes. The continued uses of skeletal remains are detrimental to them, as research methods are updated and fields of interest evolve. Without hard resources, their work may come into question because they will have no original data source to state their claims of science and their research may come into question. Looking at science (archeology) as a belief system, they too are entitled to their first amendment right. Since prehistoric times, Native Americans have kept their stories alive without the written record but rather through oral tradition. Stories are handed down to generation after generation, and their ancestors buried are mistaken, by archeologists, as prehistoric peoples that have hidden secrets. Come of the natives do not see the benefit that archeology provides, because they are already aware of the cultural details that are unveiled through desecration. Since Indian values conflict with archeology, very few Indian students pursue it as a potential profession; while the archeologist view their resear...

Actinides (Actinide Series) Element Properties

Actinides (Actinide Series) Element Properties At the bottom of the periodic table, there is a special group of radioactive metallic elements. These elements have interesting properties and play a key role in nuclear chemistry. Actinides Definition The actinides or actinoids are a set of radioactive elements on the periodic table, usually considered ranging from atomic number 89 to atomic number 103. Location of the Actinides The modern periodic table has two rows of elements below the main body of the table. The actinides are the elements in the bottom row. The top row is the lanthanide series. The reason these two rows of elements are placed below the main table is that they dont fit in the design without making the table confusing and very wide. However, these two rows of elements are metals, sometimes considered a subset of the transition metals group. In fact, the lanthanides and actinides are sometimes called the inner transition metals, referring to their properties and position on the table. Two ways of including the lanthanides and actinides within a periodic table are to include those elements in their corresponding rows with the transition metals (makes the table wider) or ballooning them out to make a three-dimensional table. List of Elements in the Actinide Series There are 15 actinide elements. The electronic configurations of the actinides utilize the f sublevel, with the exception of lawrencium (a d-block element). Depending on your interpretation of the periodicity of the elements, the series begins with actinium or thorium, continuing to lawrencium. The usual list of elements in the actinide series is: Actinium (Ac)Thorium (Th)Protactinium (Pa)Uranium (U)Neptunium (Np)Plutonium (Pu)Americium (Am)Curium (Cm)Berkelium (Bk)Californium (Cf)Einsteinium (Es)Fermium (Fm)Mendelevium (Md)Nobelium (No)Lawrencium (Lr) Actinide Abundance The only two actinides found in appreciable quantities in the Earths crust are thorium and uranium. Small quantities of plutonium and neptunium are present in uranium orders. Actinium and protactinium occur as decay products of certain thorium and uranium isotopes. The other actinides are considered synthetic elements. If they occur naturally, it is part of a decay scheme of a heavier element. Common Properties of the Actinides Actinides share the following common properties: All are radioactive. These elements have no stable isotopes.Actinides are highly electropositive.The metals tarnish readily in air. These elements are pyrophoric (spontaneously ignite in air), particularly as finely divided powders.Actinides are very dense metals with distinctive structures. Numerous allotropes may be formed (plutonium has at least 6 allotropes!). The exception is actinium, which has fewer crystalline phases.They react with boiling water or dilute acid to release hydrogen gas.Actinide metals tend to be fairly soft. Some can be cut with a knife.These elements are malleable and ductile.All of the actinides are paramagnetic.All of these elements are silver-colored metals that are solid at room temperature and pressure.Actinides combine directly with most nonmetals.The actinides successively fill the 5f sublevel. Many actinide metals have properties of both d block and f block elements.Actinides display several valence states (typically more than the lanthanides). Most a re prone to hybridization. The actinides (An) may be prepared by reduction of AnF3  or AnF4  with vapors of Li, Mg, Ca, or Ba at 1100 - 1400 °C. Actinide Uses For the most part, we dont encounter these radioactive elements much in daily life. Americium is found in smoke detectors. Thorium is found in gas mantles. Actinium is used in scientific and medical research as a neutron source, indicator, and gamma source. Actinides may be used as dopants to make glass and crystals luminescent. The bulk of actinide use goes to energy production and defense operations. The primary use of the actinide elements is as nuclear reactor fuel and for the production of nuclear weapons. The actinides are favored for these reactions because they readily undergo nuclear reactions, releasing incredible amounts of energy. If the conditions are right, the nuclear reactions may become chain reactions. References E. Fermi (1934). Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92.  Nature.  133  (3372): 898–899.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1230–1242.Theodore Gray (2009).  The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog Leventhal Publishers. p.  240.

Environment and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment and society - Essay Example However, this may not affect the general public. Unhealthy AQI, 150 t0 200 (red), has an association with health effects upon the general public. Here, sensitive group members suffer more severe effects than others. Very unhealthy AQI, 201 to 300 (purple) comes with emergency conditions health warnings. This seems to affect the entire population. Maroon color (hazardous AQI- 301 TO 500) means health alert that can come with health effects upon all people. The current AQI, Friday November 01 2013 at 5:00 AM EST is good but with some moderate AQIs in some states. There are also negligible spots of â€Å"Unhealthy for sensitive groups† AQI (AirNow 1). We also have unhealthy AQI as a spot around Spokane. The forecast AQI is good with some spots of moderate AQI. The factors that could be responsible for the differences between the current National AQI and the forecast AQI could be particulate matter content of the air and the prevailing winds. The AQI loop shows a general green, good AQI with the extreme western part showing moderate AQI. The colors keep changing from time to time, but the general good, green AQI is maintained. The loop for ozone is green showing that the lower atmosphere is free of harmful ozone. PM loop although covered by green, good AQI, keeps changing in some parts. The observed difference is because ozone disruption or changes take a long time to be noticed. The AQI for Philadelphia is good with a value of 33 (AirNow 1). Current conditions are moderate with the health message to unusually sensitive people to avoid prolonged exertion. The map for ozone shows a general good condition with stability. The current PM for Philadelphia is good, but with moderate conditions to the western and southern parts. The process of carbon capture and sequestration takes place through three steps. These include capture of carbon dioxide from industrial processes and power plants (EPA 1). The captured carbon dioxide is then

Strategic Transformation of Ford Motor Company Assignment

Strategic Transformation of Ford Motor Company - Assignment Example Ford Motors is a leading global automaker company based in the United States. In recent years, through sustained strategic direction and leadership, the company has positioned itself among the world’s leading companies in the automobile industry. Porter’s five forces model consists of elements such as bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products, threats of new entrants and competitive rivalry within an industry. The five forces are illustrated accordingly. Bargaining power of suppliers in relation to industry context can be examined by assessing certain determinants such as labor, services, and raw materials among others (Karagiannopoulos & et. al., 2005). The power of the suppliers depends on the efficiency as well as the inefficiency of the market forces (Purdue University, 2010). With regard to Ford Motors, the bargaining power of suppliers in the industry is quite high. It has emerged as a major threat for the automaker companies globally in cent years. However, Ford has been able to devise prudent strategies to significantly mitigate the threat of supplier power. For many parts suppliers, Ford is a key organization to obtain sustained contracts in the long run. Thus, any discontinuation of the requirements of Ford might be quite difficult for the supplier companies to deal with. Ford has trimmed down its number of suppliers from 3300 to around 1600 in the past decade as a part of its strategy to solidify a relationship with suppli ers and improve its grip on the suppliers bargaining power (Dornbach-Bender & et. al., 2009). Bargaining power of buyers signifies the impact that the customers provide on the profitability of a business organization. The buyers in the market have more powers when certain specified conditions meet such as an industry has a number of companies delivering the products thus facilitating the buyers with varied choices in terms of companies and products.

How Effective Was English Foreign Policy 1515 -1529 Essay Example for Free

How Effective Was English Foreign Policy 1515 -1529 Essay How effective was English Foreign Policy by Eniola (Enny) Salau The English Foreign Policy from 1515 to 1528 can often be described as incoherent; this is because the aims of foreign policy from 1515 to 1529 kept altering due to the change in balance of power in Europe. This meant that for England to keep acting as the centre for European affair the foreign policy would have to keep changing. A result of this was that the foreign policy seemed ineffective due to lack of structure, the high costs, and few territorial acquisitions was the traditional opinion on the foreign policy that it was a failure. However with all of these mentioned factors the foreign policy could also have been seen as very effective. This was due to its ability to adapt to situations that arose in the period 1515 to 1529. If you break down this time period into smaller sections you can look at them individually and see where the foreign policy was effective on a smaller scale. When looking at this way it is easier to get a bigger picture as to how effective the foreign policy actually was. Gaining international recognition and influence for England was a big part of Henry’s foreign policy; this was because England had not been an active part of European affairs since the end of the hundred year’s war in 1453. So with Henry’s ascension to the throne and wanting to make g his mark this was a very important factor on judging how effective the foreign policy was because this was one of the more consistent of the factors of the foreign policy from 1515 to 1529. An example was in 1513 Henry gained Tournai and Therouanne, this is a good example of how the foreign policy was effective as Tournai was a significant achievement as although it wasn’t a city of great economic or strategic importance it was internationally known therefore bringing England prestige, this would add to the international recognition got England. The capture of Therouanne in the same year also meant that Henry was gaining an ally and this was another factor that links in with whether or not the foreign policy was effective. This was because with Therouanne once England captured Therouanne it was given to Maximilian who wanted it and then burnt to the ground. Connections with Maximilian due to this exchange would increase England’s international influence as he was now in the league of major personalities in European affairs. Also during England’s campaigns in 1512-13 Emperor Maximilian served under the English flag and pay. This would build up English influence as it would mean that countries less important than England would start to look towards England as a powerful force as it had been good enough for the Holy Roman Emperor. This also links to personal glory and status of Henry during this period. Success at the Battle of the spurs and battle of Flodden in 1513 also increased England’s influence as it showed that England was eliminating enemies on the continent and those closer to home, showing that England was a powerful force even though she may not have been as powerful as countries such as England and France. During 1512 to 1513 the successful examples above shows that the foreign policy was very effective and did implement Henry’s aims. Although these examples also have negatives as territorial acquisition is a factor that can influence a country’s international recognition and influence as the more land you have the more powerful you were but due to what little territory was actually acquired with all the effort that was put in this made gaining international influence and recognition was a failure therefore making the foreign policy ineffective during 1512 – 13. Contrastingly from 1518 to 1521 the foreign policy could be seen as effective in gaining international influence and recognition for England as in 1518 the Treaty of London gained international recognition for England as using the international influence gained from 1512-1513 England had been able to bring the twenty leading states of Europe together and make them adapt a policy of collective security and be at peace with one another. Henry and Wolsey also used this as an opportunity to gain more influence as the Treaty of London meant that they had removed some of the power from the Holy Roman Empire as it had originally been the Pope’s plan. The Bruges Treaty of 1521 showed that England’s influence had some a long way since 1512 as both France and the Holy Roman Empire had been bidding for English support. Although this period can also be seen as showing that the foreign policy had been ineffective in gaining England international recognition and influence as the land that had been gained (Tournai) was now being given away to France in the Treaty of London so nothing significant had been gained as it had been an exchange instead. Overall the foreign policy was effective in gaining England international support and influence as this provided bargaining tools for the future but with hindsight the foreign policy didn’t actually gain much recognition and influence for England. Acquiring personal glory and status was a big part of Henry’s aims as he wanted to be seen as a chivalrous and valiant king. Examples of how the foreign policy was effective in succeeding this aim were in the Battle of Flodden 17th September 1513 and the Battle of the Spurs 16th August 1513. Henry had shown that his army could be victorious with and without him leading as he had such a powerful military this enhanced his own personal status that the Battle of Flodden had been won while he was on the campaign in France. Although this can also be seen as a failure of the foreign policy as it showed that Henry wasn’t that successful a king as the battle of Flodden arranged and organised by his wife Catherine of Aragon, which removed the Scottish menace to England for years to come. This therefore upstaged Henry’s victory in the Battle of the Spurs was not a personal glory for him. The Field of Cloth of Gold was also an example of how Henry and Wolsey used the foreign policy to acquire personal glory and status. Even though it was not the most significant in terms of making policies and deals it did show that the Henry was at the same level as Francis I in 1520. This asserted England’s status in European affairs. Again in August 1525 in the Treaty of the More the agreement to receive pensions from the French meant added possible glory for Henry as in his campaign in 1513 he believed that he would be able to go back to France in 1514 and be crowned the King of France but due to a la ck of funds he was unable to return. This meant that the pensions that would be received as a result of the Treaty of the More could eventually lead to personal glory for England leading on to an elevated status. Although towards the end of this period in foreign policy all of England’s efforts to have increased glory an status appeared to be a waster as in 1529 in the League of Cambrai England became isolated as Francis 1 and Charles V had agreed to bring fighting to an end this meant that England could no longer act as an arbiter was no longer an equal to France like it had been during the Field of Cloth of Gold. Although during the later years of the foreign policy there were some successes such as the Treaty of Westminster in April 1527 which meant that there was a perpetual peace between England and France, Francis I had also agreed that either him or he’s second son would marry Mary I this would assert England’s status and give Henry a personal glory as he had made a useful connection and deve loped an alliance. This would therefore make the foreign policy more effective in the later years. However incoherency of the foreign policy did dampen the glory of the later years of the foreign policy as in 1526 due to the League of Cognac Henry had agreed to fight Charles if he refused to join the peace, this meant that war was declared on France in 1528. England declared war but didn’t cut off trade as the profitability of the English cloth market was extremely dependent on the Flanders Cloth market. Due to this â€Å"double-play† situation England was left humiliated and so removing most of the status and glory that had been developed for England with the foreign policy from 1515 -1529. Generally the foreign policy was quite effective in acquiring personal glory and status as it meant that England wasn’t constantly working towards gaining more and even though they were losses they were equally matched with victories. Gaining territory or control over France as mentioned in the theme of gaining international influence and recognition for England was a big issue for Henry as France was England’s traditional enemy, also Henry had wanted to revive the victories of Henry V and take back lands that he believed England held claim to. As we know a lot of Henry’s Foreign policy was based around going to war so this should have been a theme that the foreign policy was actively trying to make the most effective part of the foreign policy from 1515 to 1529. In the early Henry did manage to gain Tournai in 1513 which was internationally known and did act as a bargaining tool in the Anglo-French Treaty in 1518, as it was a result of this that France signed the Treaty of London. Therouanne was another acquired territory in 1513 but it was given away to Maximilian and burnt to the ground making it a waste of resources as they didn’t gain any extra land, but it did mean that Tournai was easie r to capture as the people of Tournai feared Maximilain so believed it would be easier to give into England. England also had the advantage of having funding to be able to attack France so as to be able to gain control and territory in France, for instance in 1523 parliament grating Wolsey money for the attack on France and the forced loans of 1522 and 1523 provided even more money. This should have meant that the foreign policy was very effective as England now had the funding to attack France which had been all that had stopped England in 1514. Although several things stood in England’s way for instance in 1515 when Francis I allowed the Duke of Albany to return to Scotland an replace Margaret as regent this removed the English influence in Scotland and also meant England’s two enemies were now linked causing a bigger threat an making England to lose control over them. The failure of Bourbon in August 1523 to rally up support to rebel against Francis I ruined Henry and Wolsey’s chances of beating France. In this factor England’s successful alliance with Charles would have given England the chance to gain territory and control over France as when Charles defeated Francis at Pavia in 1525 Henry had wanted to gain some land but failed to due to the lack of things to actually offer to Charles in return as Charles no had everything he actually wanted. This was one of the least effective parts of the foreign policy from 1515 to 1529, this was because England didn’t gain any land but instead gave lots away and in doing so also gave away his right to attempt to gain these lands back, so England had made a loss with this factor in the way foreign policy had been set out in terms of gaining territory and control over France. Managing the finance of the wars was one of the themes of the foreign policy for this time frame that can be seen as a failure as the cost of the wars and campaigns were just too expensive in comparison to what was actually got in return. This is because on average England had an income of about  £110,000 while from 151 to 1525 Henry spent  £1.4 million on warfare, this is made even worse by the fact that there was no real tangible gains at the end of 1529. Successes of being able to manage the finances were that there was always a place to draw money from for instance in the heavy parliamentary taxation in 1523-4 and the forced loans of 122 and 23; this meant that there wasn’t ever a massive shortage of money. This could also be seen a s a hindrance for Henry as this supply of money may have been the reason for him entering campaigns for the benefit of allies or even â€Å"potential† allies even if they didn’t have that great a benefit for England. Also for Henry to be able to compete with countries such as France and the Holy Roman Empire he would need to spend like this. For instance France had an annual income of  £350,000 while the Holy Roman Empire had an annual income of  £560,000. Although this supply of money wasn’t always available, for instance, failure of the amicable grant in 1525 due to the taxpayers revolt. This was not an effective part of foreign policy as it did not make use of the supplies that had been provided for England, such as the money that had been saved by Henry VII. Making alliances was an important part of the foreign policy an ought to have been very effective this was because to do anything you usually need the support of other countries especially in the case of England where it was not the very strongest companies and the opponents were often stronger. Overall Henry and Wolsey’s foreign policy didn’t make any alliances that were beneficial 100% of the time, but they did make several alliances that did benefit them most of the time. Although the alliances that were made did have advantages in the short term but not necessarily in the long term. Making alliances with almost all of the key players in Europe meant that the foreign policy in this time was very effective as it allowed Henry to get the most out of people around him. Examples of where Henry was able to successfully develop alliances was with the Treaty of London in 1518 Henry and Wolsey were able to get alliances with both Ferdinand and Charles by being an arbiter or peace, this meant that England was preventing being isolated and was using both leaders to England’s advantages. The Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 was also important to making reliable alliances as even though it appeared that England was taking France’s side Henry and Wolsey had cleverly planned it by meeting Charles before the Field of Cloth of Gold and afterwards at Gravelines. Once again using both leaders to his advantage. Although this did affect how effective the foreign policy as the distrust built up between Henry and alliances meant that in the future when Henry wanted something from the allies they could very easily turn on him like after Pavia in 1525 when Charles didn’t give Henry parts of France even though they were allies at the time and it was what Henry had wanted. Henry also used his alliances to get money and gain a position of neutrality. Where the foreign policy failed to make reliable alliances was with the Treaty of Cambrai in 1517 where an agreement was made between France and Charles meaning that everything Henry had tried to avoid had happened. The switching of alliances was also a way of preventing one power or country becoming extremely powerful and being able to rule all so setting them off against each other and never permanently assigning themselves to one or the other meant that England was able to keep the balance of power spread and not heavily based around one country. Getting Henry a divorce was one of the more personal aspects of the foreign policy, this was because the divorce had more negative effects for England than it did positive effects yet it was what Henry wanted. The foreign policy was effective in getting Henry closer towards getting a divorce as after the Treaty of London in 1518 Henry was held high up in the church and was a Papal Legate therefore he could influence the Pope’s decision or at least try and get the divorce solved in a way that would benefit Henry such as having the case solved in England. Henry’s alliance with Charles who was the Holy Roman Emperor could help him, although this didn’t go to plan as the foreign policy failed to help Henry get a divorce as Charles was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew and was therefore opposed to the divorce and would therefore do anything to stop it. After the sack of Rome in 1527 the Pope was under Charles’ power, so therefore unlikely to grant the annulment for Henry against Charles’ wishes. Also toe Pope wasn’t in support of Henry after he stole the idea for the Treaty of London right from underneath him in 1520. This is an example of how although the foreign policy was ineffective as all of the effort sometimes amounted to nothing. In conclusion I believe that the fact that Henry was struggling to get a divorce is a good example to summaries why the foreign policy was ineffective this was because due to the unreliable allies and the constant drive for international influence an recognition Henry had failed to develop political friendships that he so desperately needed when it came to personal matter like the divorce. It was also the incoherency of the foreign policy that added to this. Although the foreign policy couldn’t be dismissed as being totally ineffective even though it did put very extreme stains on resources such as money with the heavy expenditure on warfare, it did result in the most manipulative and beneficial way to run a country of England’s size and status without getting too actively involved as the tense relationship between Francis I and Charles V made it very difficult to hold a position of neutrality. The foreign policy was effective on the short term as it did more than once give useful results; the advantage of this was that it meant that if there was a problem, with the foreign policy it could be easily adapted to benefit England. Therefore the incoherency and lack of structure in the foreign policy for England led to a policy that was best suited to the ever changing centre of power for Europe from 1515 to 1529.

The Overwhelming Essay -- Character Analysis, Jack, Dr. Gansana

In The Overwhelming, Mizinga says to Jack, "One is defined by what one is against. And who. To struggle against these people, to fight for what is yours. To suffer and yet to struggle on: This is what makes life precious. And brings understanding (p 76-77)". Within the three novels that will be discussed in this essay, the aforementioned quote highlights the dilemma that each protagonist faces on his way from innocence to maturation (word choice). In The Overwhelming, the protagonist, Jack travels to Rwanda during the onset of the Rwandan genocide. In search of his friend, Dr. Gansana, Jack learns that the workings of Rwanda is nothing like his home country, and experiences firsthand the brutality that would occur over the following weeks. He must make a decision between his son and his friend, and ultimately chooses his son, leading to the death of his friend. The Innocent, by Ian McEwan, Leonard, a sheltered adult, travels to a post World War 2 German for work. He encounters games of espionage, and what can be called love. This connection takes him from adolescence to maturation, to the point where he inadvertently commits murder. Lastly, Native Son, by Richard Wright, tells the story of Bigger, an African American youth, who faces external strife from his immediate environment. In a racially discriminating America, Bigger commits murder and is freed. He goes from being inhibited and beaten down by his environment, to attain a sense of freedom. With this said, all these men encounter murder, whether the decisions made were deliberate or inadvertent. While their reactions are different, it can be seen that murder transforms their innocence or contributes to the loss of it. In The Overwhelming, Jack Exley enters Rwanda with inte... ...k man in America. While he also kills Bessie, she has less of an effect because she is African American as well. Despite this, Bigger still commits murder. Fletcher states, "You are liable for murder if (1) you act (2) intentionally (3) to bring about the death of (4) a living human being, and you are not acting in (5) self-defense or while (6) insane (Fletcher, 97)†. In Bigger’s case, he is guilty for both murders. The murder of Mary was accidental but he disposed of her body in brutal fashion. This fashion however was out of fear of being caught. Because of the racial difference, it was very likely that Bigger would get in trouble for being caught with Mary, if not worse, lynched. His murder of Bessie revolved around the fact that she may have given him away to the police. With this said, it is clear these murders revolve around the fear of being caught.

A Study Of Anatomy And Psychology Essay

The procedure in lifting the leg to climb a stair is a complex one which involves a huge amount of technology inter-transfer between the brain and the eventual skeletal muscle. There is initiation of the movement at the brain which is transmitted via specialized white fibre tracts to the hip flexors via the intermediate spinal cord, involving a very complex mechanism at the cellular level   The initiation of the   process is at the motor cortex (Ms I) of the brain. The primary motor area is located at the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The area controlling the motion of the lower limbs lies towards the superior surface of the brain. Within this area lies the cell body of the primary neuron. These neurons are known as upper motor neurons (UMN). These UMNs receive modulating impulse from the inputs from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia via the extrapyramidal pathways. These tracts modulate the gross movement initiated at the frontal cortex. In turn these areas are modulated by afferent signals from ascending spino cerebellar, and spino-thalamic pathways. The complex the signal initiated at the nucleus of the cell body is transmitted electronically via the axon of the myelinated neuron via the mode of salutatory conduction. The myelin sheath which surrounds the axon of nerves that involve fast transport, breaks at intermediate regions known as Nodes of Ranvier. The electrical impulse moves in   a jumping manner at these nodes nerve transmission as a neural impulse, generated by the formation of a nerve action potential. Like all excitable tissue, nerves maintain a resting membrane potential that is the difference of voltage across the membrane of the neuron. In neurons this value is   – 70 mV. This voltage difference is maintained by the Na/K pump on the membranes. This impulse generated at the axon hillock is transmitted via the depolarizing phase which allows sodium ions ingress into cells via opening of the Na channels. This entry of Na in one portion allows activation of other Na channels, causing depolarization of the adjacent region of the neuron. Subsequently repolarization occurs via the opening of K channels, which restores the membrane potential. Thus this process continues which allows the transmission of impulse. Many such nerves together descend as the descending cortico spinal tract in the pyramidal system, which travels through the midbrain into the spinal cord, decussating at the level of midbrain( 90% of the fibres decussating and forming the lateral spinothalamic tract) and again at the level of spinal cord ( the other 10%, forming the anterior spinothalamic tract) . It is the former which is responsible for the lower limb movements. The cortico-spinal tract travels in the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord till the lumbar level where they synapse with the spinal ventral root neuron (lower motor neuron). A single post-synaptic neuron receives signals from many neurons. At the axon terminal, the propagation of impulses leads to release of neurotransmitters, which are stored in specialized vesicles. The released Ach diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the post synaptic membrane to produce excitatory post synaptic potentials. This leads to generation and propagation of impulse in nerves which are destined to innervate the neuro-muscular junction. At the neuro-muscular junction, Ach is released, which diffuses into the synovial cleft and binds to receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a muscle action potential. The released Ach is destroyed by the acetylcholinestrase. At the level of the sarcolemma of the muscles, the muscle AP travels along T-tubules, opening Ca release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca binds to troponin-tropomysin complex, which releases the myosin heads, these then bind to the actin thin filaments, and draws them closer to the M line. Meanwhile bringing the Z disc closer. This leads to muscle fibre contraction. This is a self propagating sequence eventually leading to the contraction of ilio-psoas muscle, which causes the flexion of thigh on the pelvis. Each nerve fibre innervates many musle fibres ( about 150). This is   the motor unit. The greater the number of motor units recruited by the nerve action potential, the greater the force of contraction of the muscles. In the spinal cord, nerve impulse travels along the lumbar plexus (L1-L5) to innervate the iliopsoas ( hip flexion- ilio-inguinal nerve), biceps femors, semitendinosus and semimembranosus ( knee flexion – sciatic nerve), ankle flexors ( EHl, EDL, TA – tibial nerve), leading to the person climbing the step. This excitatory impulse is also associated with the production of inhibitory action potential ( hyperpolarizing impulse) in the antagonists (eg the glutei, which must relax to allow flexors to act. In the event of raising of the upper limb above the head, to lift a book, the impulse travels along the cortico spinal tract till the level of the cervical cord to synapse with the lower motor neurons of the brachial plexus ( C3-T1). From here the nerve impulses travel to shoulder elevators ( supraspinatus, deltoid, trapezius, and latissimus dorsi)- posterior cord ), elbow extensor ( triceps and anconeus – radial nerve) wrist extensor ( ECRL, ECRB – radial nerve), finger flexors ( FDS, FDP – median nerve and the ulnar nerve)   and the intrinsics – ulnar nerve and the median nerve)

Ethic In Psychotheraphy “Easily within our reach”

Barnett, J. E. (2008) The ethical practice of psychotherapy: easily within our reach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 569-575. The main purpose of this article is†¦ [State as accurately as possible the author’s purpose (goal, intention, desired outcome) for writing this article] To inform psychotherapists that with all the different strategies an dilemmas they deal with that they have to always go by the APA ethics codes and the state laws an always protect your clients and yourself.The problem to be solved is†¦ [Identify the problem or issue the author is addressing in this article] In everyday life we have ethical dilemma issues, but when you’re in psychotherapists shoes you have to watch how you address these issue. You have to go by the APA ethic codes and the state laws. The point of view of the author is†¦ [Identify the author’s position or point of view in this article; who or what group does he represent?]Psychotherapists can adopt t o several strategies in their efforts to practice ethically, these include positive or aspirational ethics, risk management, and defensive practice. (Barnett, 2007) The information the author provides to support his position is†¦ [How do we know there is a problem? What evidence is there that this problem exists? ] The author J.E Barnett has several different psychotherapists’ case examples such as: â€Å"Informed Consent to Psychotherapy: Protecting the Dignity and Respecting the Autonomy of Patients†; â€Å"Can You Keep a Secret? Confidentiality in Psychotherapy† and other â€Å"Psychotherapy Termination: Clinical and Ethical Responsibilities. To show you these different ethical dilemma issues. The main conclusion[s] in this article are†¦ [Identify the key conclusions or solutions to the problem the author provides in this article] To provide a solid foundation for ethical practice.And how to try not to prevent these dilemmas, how to respond to thes e types of dilemmas and to check the ethic of codes and the laws and to protect you and more importantly your client. If we accept the author’s line of reasoning, the implications are†¦ [What possible or probable consequences does the author’s argument imply for the practice of psychotherapy? ] For psychotherapists to always serve the best interests of every psychotherapists and even more important , the best interests of our clients. Ethic In Psychotheraphy â€Å"Easily within our reach† Barnett, J. E. (2008) The ethical practice of psychotherapy: easily within our reach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 569-575. The main purpose of this article is†¦ [State as accurately as possible the author’s purpose (goal, intention, desired outcome) for writing this article] To inform psychotherapists that with all the different strategies an dilemmas they deal with that they have to always go by the APA ethics codes and the state laws an always protect your clients and yourself.The problem to be solved is†¦ [Identify the problem or issue the author is addressing in this article] In everyday life we have ethical dilemma issues, but when you’re in psychotherapists shoes you have to watch how you address these issue. You have to go by the APA ethic codes and the state laws. The point of view of the author is†¦ [Identify the author’s position or point of view in this article; who or what group does he represent?Psychotherapists can adopt to several strategies in their efforts to practice ethically, these include positive or aspirational ethics, risk management, and defensive practice. (Barnett, 2007) The information the author provides to support his position is†¦ [How do we know there is a problem? What evidence is there that this problem exists? BusinessThe author J.E Barnett has several different psychotherapists’ case examples such as: â€Å"Informed Consent to Psychotherapy: Protecting the Dignity and Respecting the Autonomy of Patients†; â€Å"Can You Keep a Secret? Confidentiality in Psychotherapy† and other â€Å"Psychotherapy Termination: Clinical and Ethical Responsibilities. To show you these different ethical dilemma issues. The main conclusion[s] in this article are†¦ [Identify the key conclusions or solutions to the problem the author provides in this article] To provide a solid foundation for ethical practice.And how to try not to prevent these dilemmas, how to respond to these types of dilemmas and to check the ethic of codes and the laws and to protect you and more importantly your client. If we accept the author’s line of reasoning, the implications are†¦ [What possible or probable consequences does the author’s argument imply for the practice of psychotherapy? ] For psychotherapists to always serve the best interests of every psychotherapists and even more important , the best interests of our clients.

Fear - Argumentum ad Baculum

Appeal to Force/Fear - Argumentum ad Baculum The Latin term argumentum ad baculum means argument to the stick. This fallacy occurs whenever a person makes an implicit or explicit threat of physical or psychological violence against others if they refuse to accept the conclusions offered. It can also occur whenever its claimed that accepting a conclusion or idea will lead to disaster, ruin, or harm. You can think of the argumentum ad baculum as having this form: Some threat of violence is made or implied. Therefore, the conclusion should be accepted. It would be very unusual for such a threat to be logically relevant to the conclusion or for the truth-value of a conclusion to be made any more likely by such threats. A distinction should be made, of course, between rational reasons and prudential reasons. No fallacy, the Appeal to Force included, can give rational reasons to believe a conclusion. This one, however, might give prudential reasons for action. If the threat is credible and bad enough, it might provide a reason to act as if you believed it. It is more common to hear such a fallacy in children, for example when one says If you dont agree that this show is the best, Ill hit you! Unfortunately, this fallacy isnt limited to children. Examples and Discussion of the Appeal to Force Here are some ways in which we sometimes see the appeal to force used in arguments: You should believe God exists because, if you dont, when you die you will be judged and God will send you to Hell for all of eternity. You dont want to be tortured in Hell, do you? If not, it is a safer bet to believe in God than to not believe. This is a simplified form of Pascals Wager, an argument often heard from some Christians. A god is not made any more likely to exist simply because someone says that if we dont believe in it, then we will be harmed in the end. Similarly, belief in a god is not made any more rational simply because we are afraid of going to some hell. By appealing to our fear of pain and our desire to avoid suffering, the above argument is committing a Fallacy of Relevance. Sometimes, the threats can be more subtle, as in this example: We need a strong military in order to deter our enemies. If you dont support this new spending bill to develop better airplanes, our enemies will think we are weak and, at some point, will attack us - killing millions. Do you want to be responsible for the deaths of millions, Senator? Here, the person doing the arguing isnt making a direct physical threat. Instead, they are bringing psychological pressure to bear by suggesting that if the Senator does not vote for the proposed spending bill, s/he will be responsible for other deaths later on. Unfortunately, no evidence is offered that such a possibility is a credible threat. Because of this, there is no clear connection between the premise about our enemies and the conclusion that the proposed bill is in the countrys best interests. We can also see the emotional appeal being used - no one wants to be responsible for the deaths of millions of fellow citizens. The Appeal to Force fallacy can also occur in cases where no actual physical violence is offered, but instead, just threats to ones well being. Patrick J. Hurley uses this example in his book A Concise Introduction to Logic: Secretary to boss: I deserve a raise in salary for the coming year. After all, you know how friendly I am with your wife, and Im sure you wouldnt want her to find out whats been going on between you and that sexpot client of yours. It doesnt matter here whether anything inappropriate has been going on between the boss and the client. What matters is that the boss is being threatened - not with physical violence like being hit, but rather with his marriage and other personal relationships being destabilized if not destroyed.

Qué esperar cuando un migrante es detenido por la migra

Quà © esperar cuando un migrante es detenido por la migra En Estados Unidos, los migrantes indocumentados pueden ser detenidos por las autoridades migratorias. Adems, en casos especà ­ficos los migrantes que se encuentran legalmente en el paà ­s pueden tambià ©n ser detenidos e iniciarse contra ellos un proceso de deportacià ³n. Puntos clave: migrantes detenidos ICE puede detener a migrantes legales por felonà ­as y a los indocumentados por felonà ­as o violaciones migratorias. Estar ilegalmente en EE.UU. es una violacià ³n migratoria.ICE decide quià ©n espera detenido a que se resuelva su caso o cundo pide fianza, entrega un grillete o da libertad bajo palabra. Los migrantes pueden pedir una vista para fianza ante un juez.En la actualidad, los casos de deportacià ³n que se resuelven en corte migratoria se demoran una media de ocho aà ±os.Los tiempos varà ­an segà ºn la ubicacià ³n de la Corte.  ¿Cules son las causas por las que los migrantes pueden ser detenidos por Inmigracià ³n? Las causas de la detencià ³n dependen del estatus migratorio del migrante. Asà ­, los residentes permanentes legales solo pueden ser detenidos por las autoridades migratorias si comenten ciertas felonà ­as. Por otra parte, otros extranjeros con estatus legal en EE.UU. pueden tener problemas migratorios por cometer delitos o violaciones migratorias. Por à ºltimo, los migrantes indocumentados pueden ser detenidos por delitos o violaciones migratorias o, simplemente, por carecer de estatus migratorio legal en el paà ­s.  ¿Cundo puede detenerse a un migrante y quià ©n? Los migrantes pueden ser detenidos por ICE o por otra autoridad y puestos posteriormente a disposicià ³n de ICE. Por ejemplo, los indocumentados pueden ser detenidos al cruzar ilegalmente la frontera, al presentarse sin papeles en un puesto fronterizo y reclamar asilo, en una inspeccià ³n por ICE de lugares de trabajo, en retenes en carretera a menos de 100 millas de la frontera, en controles en las cortes migratorias, etc. Cabe destacar en este punto que ninguna autoridad puede ingresar en los hogares de un migrante si no tiene una orden de arresto emitida por un juez. Tambià ©n pueden ser detenidos si son arrestados por cualquier autoridad local o estatal por delitos y tambià ©n por faltas, como por ejemplo manejar bajo la influencia del alcohol. Despuà ©s de ese arresto, se le toman las huellas digitales y se comparan con bases de datos federales. En ese momento, Inmigracià ³n puede detectar si la persona arrestada tiene una orden de deportacià ³n pendiente, tiene un I-94 expirado o carece de rà ©cord migratorio, lo cual en el caso de ser extranjero podrà ­a indicar que ingresà ³ al paà ­s ilegalmente Cuando Inmigracià ³n detecta uno de estos casos puede decidir emitir un hold o detainer que significa que la autoridad local o estatal debe retener ese migrante por un plazo mximo de 48 horas y entregarlo a ICE, si ese es el interà ©s de esta agencia. Sin embargo, en las autoridades locales o estatales pueden decidir no cumplir con ese hold. Finalmente, los residentes permanentes legales pueden ser detenidos por ICE al acabar de cumplir una sentencia penal. Trmites inmediatos cuando ICE detiene a un migrante Una vez que un migrante est bajo custodia de ICE, como regla general, esto es lo que sucede: el agente a cargo del caso llena formularios burocrticos de carcter internose llena  un informe que es el equivalente al reporte del arrestose toma la foto del arrestadoy tambià ©n se le toman las huellas digitales A continuacià ³n se comprueban las fotos y las huellas contra dos bases de datos enormes: IAFIS, que es del FBI, e IDENT que es del Departamento de Seguridad  Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En aproximadamente en un par de horas se obtienen los resultados y asà ­ se sabe si la persona arrestada tiene un pasado criminal, de violaciones migratorias, si ha utilizado otro nombre, si est buscado por las autoridades, etc. Sin embargo, ICE no realiza dichos trmites cuando el migrante ya està © identificado. Por ejemplo, cuando est ya en la crcel o cuando se notifica a Inmigracià ³n de que ha sido arrestado o detenido y las autoridades migratorias emiten un detainer o hold. Decisiones de ICE: detenido o en libertad ICE toma dos decisiones que son fundamentales. Por un lado, decide cules son los cargos, es decir, de quà © se le acusa al inmigrante. Por otro lado, ICE decide si deja en libertad al migrante mientras se tramita su caso y si le pide una fianza o establece otro medio de control,  o, por el contrario, debe continuar detenido mientras no se resuelve su situacià ³n. Para decidir si se le deja en libertad o no se tienen en cuenta factores como: el riesgo que el arrestado puede ser para la sociedad. Asà ­, los criminales van a quedar detenidos.el riesgo de que el arrestado se escape o de que no se presente a una cita con las autoridades de inmigracià ³n. ICE suele dejar en libertad a los residentes permanentes legales que han sido detenidos por una accià ³n que no es un delito agravado. Tambià ©n quedan frecuentemente en libertad mientras se tramita su caso las embarazadas y mujeres o familias acompaà ±adas por nià ±os que acaban de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera. Asimismo, los cuidadores principales de una persona que no puede valerse por sà ­ mismas. Y, finalmente, los indocumentados que llevan tiempo viviendo en Estados Unidos pero no tienen rà ©cord criminal ni orden previa de deportacià ³n  y se considera que no son un riesgo de fuga. Por ejemplo, porque tienen hijos que son ciudadanos estadounidenses. El hecho de que frecuentemente esas categorà ­as de personas sean puestas en libertad no quiere decir que las autoridades migratorias està ©n obligadas a hacerlo. En la prctica, hay adems otras consideraciones, como por ejemplo, el nà ºmero de camas disponibles en un determinado momento en los centros de detencià ³n. Cabe destacar que los migrantes pueden ser enviados a centros alejados de su lugar de residencia o del punto por el que ingresaron ilegalmente al paà ­s. Si ICE pone en libertad al migrante mientras se resuelve caso Pueden darse los siguientes supuestos: OR: es decir, se le deja libre hasta que se resuelva el caso siendo suficiente la palabra del inmigrante de que no va a ignorar las citaciones de Inmigracià ³n.   Brazalete o grillete en el tobillo de vigilancia o lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como Alternative to Detention (ATD). En la prctica supone una situacià ³n de arresto domiciliario. Adems, son frecuentes las quejas por incomodidad o heridas que causan en el tobillo. Otras formas de control de que el migrante en libertad con caso pendiente no se desaparece son el uso de telà ©fonos que reconocen la voz o de aplicaciones que realizan reconocimientos faciales. Fianza migratoria: no puede ser inferior a los $1,500 pero puede ser muy superior a esa cantidad. Antes de dejar a una persona libre bajo fianza se mira y mucho si tiene historial criminal. Los extranjeros que no son residentes permanentes legales y que han cometido un delito considerado agravado no pueden beneficiarse de las fianzas. Si no se tiene el dinero para una fianza, es posible acudir a una empresa autorizada para este tipo de asuntos. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que las condiciones pueden ser duras. Frecuentemente exigen que el migrante lleve un grillete con GPS que comunica a la empresa en todo momento donde se encuentra. Los migrantes pueden verse forzados a firmar contratos largos en inglà ©s que no entienden y a pagar una cuota de inicio de contrato, el 20 por ciento del total de la fianza ms $420 al mes por el uso del grillete. Si ICE decide que el migrante debe seguir detenido Todos los migrantes pasan a estar bajo la custodio del ICE en su rama que se conoce como ERO (Office of Enforcement Removal Operations). ERO tiene  centros de detencià ³n repartidos por todo el territorio de los Estados Unidos, si bien la mayorà ­a est en los estados fronterizos con Mà ©xico. Los centros de detencià ³n pueden pertenecer al gobierno federal, a los estados o departamentos policiales locales e, incluso, a empresas privadas.   Los detenidos son distribuidos segà ºn el nà ºmero de espacio disponible en cada centro de detencià ³n  y tambià ©n teniendo en cuenta: si son menores que han llegado sin la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de un adulto y han sido arrestados tras cruzar ilegalmente la frontera.se separa hombres de mujeres  y tambià ©n se intenta separar  a los que tienen un pasado criminal de los que no lo tienen La consecuencia de ello es que personas arrestadas, por ejemplo, cruzando ilegalmente en Texas, se las envà ­a a un centro de detencià ³n en Arizona (alejado, pero tambià ©n en la frontera sur) o se les embarca en un vuelo y se les envà ­a a un lugar tan lejano como puede ser Massachusetts. Si estn detenidos podrn realizar una llamada local gratuita a un familiar, abogado o ONG. A continuacià ³n deber pagar por todas las llamadas, para lo cual los familiares pueden enviarle dinero al centro de detencià ³n. En este punto, el migrante que permanece detenido puede solicitar a una vista ante un juez migratorio para que se establezca una fianza para quedar libre mientras se tramita el caso o para pedir una rebaja a la misma, si es que ya ha sido fijada. Cargos que se establecen contra el inmigrante Tanto si el migrante est detenido como si se le ha dejado en libertad, Inmigracià ³n inicia un procedimiento de deportacià ³n en su contra que puede ser notificado mediante uno de los dos documentos. Por un lado, una carta que se conoce como Notice of Appear (NTA). Se le puede dar al inmigrante en persona o enviarse  por correo. En la carta, adems de establecerse los cargos, se seà ±ala que debe presentarse en una corte de inmigracià ³n en fecha y hora estipulada.   Por otro, un Warrant of Arrest. Este es otro documento en el que se seà ±ala el tipo de acusacià ³n. Es muy comà ºn en los casos de indocumentados agarrados recià ©n ingresando ilegalmente a Estados Unidos. Tanto los que estn en libertad como los detenidos se enfrentan a un proceso de remocià ³n, que puede tomar formas distintas. Por ejemplo, deportacià ³n, salida voluntaria, procedimiento de remocià ³n rpido, etc. Va a depender del tipo de cargo, de la forma de llegada al paà ­s y, en este à ºltimo caso, de si tiene mucho tiempo de presencia en Estados Unidos y est asentado y no tiene rà ©cord criminal. El migrante, por su parte, puede estar de acuerdo o intentar ganar el caso solicitando un alivio como puede ser el asilo, VAWA, cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n, etc. En todos los casos, es aconsejable contactar con un buen abogado de migracià ³n porque su intervencià ³n es importante a la hora de incrementar las oportunidades para ganar un caso. Segà ºn un estudio del American Immigration Council, solo un 2 por ciento de los migrantes sin abogado ganan los casos de deportacià ³n. Consejos para comunicarse con un detenido y para obtener la mejor defensa Si se sospecha que una persona extranjera ha sido detenida y est bajo la custodia de las autoridades de inmigracià ³n existe un procedimiento para intentar averiguar su paradero. Si encuentra que est efectivamente recluido en un centro de detencià ³n y est en Texas, se puede buscar informacià ³n sobre detenidos como por ejemplo sobre cà ³mo comunicarse por telà ©fono. Adems es extremadamente importante buscar un abogado migratorio.  Para los migrantes que llevan muchos aà ±os en Estados Unidos, verificar si estn con  proteccià ³n 245(i) para migrantes con peticiones muy antiguas a su favor. Si no se puede pagar, hacer el esfuerzo de encontrar uno que actà ºe pro bono (sin cobrar) o al menos consultar con una organizacià ³n de apoyo a inmigrantes reputada.   En el caso de migrantes mexicanos, desde prisià ³n se puede  marcar gratis al centro de la CIAM.  Entre otros servicios que brindan, el detenido puede solicitar que contacten con sus familiares en los Estados Unidos o Mà ©xico. Deportacià ³n desde los Estados Unidos Si se produce una deportacià ³n, es importante conocer cul  es el castigo, si la intencià ³n del migrante es regresar a Estados Unidos. En algunas ocasiones ser posible solicitar el perdà ³n I-212. Incluso es posible que sea necesario pedir conjuntamente otro perdà ³n ms. En este punto es fundamental estar bien asesorados, ya que hay muchas personas sin escrà ºpulos que asegurar poder arreglar el problema a cambio de una importante cantidad de dinero y al final resulta que todo es un fraude. En todo caso, lo que hay que evitar es ingresar ilegalmente a Estados Unidos despuà ©s de una deportacià ³n porque eso produce una situacià ³n de prohibicià ³n permanente.   Este artà ­culo tiene una finalidad meramente informativa. No es consejo legal.